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High-test peroxide or HTP is a high (85 to 98 percent)-concentration solution of hydrogen peroxide, with the remainder predominantly made up of water. In contact with a catalyst, it decomposes into a high-temperature mixture of steam and oxygen, with no remaining liquid water. It was used as a propellant of HTP rockets and torpedoes, and has been used for high-performance vernier engines. ==Applications== When used with a suitable catalyst, HTP can be used as a monopropellant, or with a separate fuel as a bipropellant. HTP has been used safely and successfully in many applications, beginning with German usage during World War II, and continues to the present day.〔http://www.hydrogen-peroxide.us/history-US-General-Kinetics/AIAA-1999-2739_A_Brief_History_of_Concentrated_Hydrogen_Peroxide_Uses-pitch.pdf〕 During World War II, high-test peroxide was used as an oxidizer in some German bipropellant rocket designs, such as the Walter HWK 509A rocket engine that powered the Messerschmitt Me 163 point defense interceptor fighter late in World War II, comprising 80% of the standardized mixture ''T-Stoff'', and also in the German Type XVII submarine. Some significant United States programs include the reaction control thrusters on the X-15 program, and the Bell Rocket Belt. The NASA Lunar Lander Research Vehicle used it for rocket thrust to simulate a lunar lander. The Royal Navy experimented with HTP as the oxidiser in the experimental high-speed target/training submarines and between 1958 and 1969. The first Russian HTP torpedo was known by the strictly functional name of 53-57, the 53 referring to the diameter in centimeters of the torpedo tube, the 57 to the year it was introduced. Driven by the Cold War competition, they ordered the development of a larger HTP torpedo, to be fired from the 65-centimeter (26-inch) tubes. British experiments with HTP as a torpedo fuel were discontinued after a peroxide fire resulted in the loss of the submarine in 1956. British experimentation with HTP continued in rocketry research, ending with the Black Arrow launch vehicles in 1971. Black Arrow rockets successfully launched the Prospero X-3 satellite from Woomera, South Australia using HTP and kerosene fuel. An accident involving an HTP torpedo is believed to be the cause of the Kursk submarine disaster. With concentration of 82%, it is still in use on the Russian Soyuz rocket to drive the turbopumps on the boosters and on the orbital vehicle. HTP will be used in an attempt to break the land speed record with the Bloodhound SSC car, aiming to reach over 1000 mph. It will be the oxidiser for the hybrid fuel rocket, reacting with the solid fuel hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene. Hydrogen peroxide works best as a propellant in extremely high concentrations - roughly over 70%. Although any concentration of peroxide will generate ''some'' hot gas (oxygen plus some steam), at concentrations above approximately 67%, the heat of decomposing hydrogen peroxide becomes large enough to ''completely'' vaporize ''all'' the liquid at standard temperature. This represents a safety and utilization turning point, since decomposition of any concentration ''above'' this amount is capable of transforming the liquid ''entirely'' to heated gas (the higher the concentration, the hotter the resulting gas). This very hot steam/oxygen mixture can then be used to generate maximal thrust, power, or work, but it also makes explosive decomposition of the material far more hazardous. Normal propellant-grade concentrations, therefore, vary from 70 to 98%, with common grades of 70, 85, 90, and 98%. Many of these grades and variations are described in detail in the United States propellant specification number MIL-P-16005 Revision F,〔http://www.hydrogen-peroxide.us/chemical-specifications/MIL-PRF-16005F_Rocket_Propellant_Hydrogen_Peroxide.pdf〕 which is currently available. The available suppliers of high-concentration propellant-grade hydrogen peroxide are, in general, one of the large commercial companies that make other grades of hydrogen peroxide, including Solvay Interox, FMC, and Evonik. (X-L Space Systems ) upgrades technical-grade hydrogen peroxide to HTP. Other companies that have made propellant-grade hydrogen peroxide in the recent past include Air Liquide and DuPont. DuPont recently sold its hydrogen peroxide manufacturing business to Evonik. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「High-test peroxide」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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